NUMERICS 1,2,3.... THE PROSOTION OF AFRICA VALUE CHANGE

It's time for Africa's leaders to address the problems that hinder the development of the continent's natural resources.

Africa Since Independence is an analytical piece by Colin Legum, which deals with four major themes in the realm of Africa's independence. The book itself has it's origins in a series of lectures which the author conducted in 1997at the Indiana university in Bloomington. The author believes Africa has experienced three major phases in its "learning cycle" since the time of independence.

The years from 1939-1970, Africa was engulfed in the romantic period, a time in which the dream of liberation was on the minds of most Africans. The second phase "disillusionment," was clustered in the years from 1970-1985. Most African nations had newly achieved their independence, and an attempt to move quickly towards democracy was met with "deadlock" in the ideological division within the liberation movements, hence most nations were in an advent stage of unrest. The year 1988 -? is marked as the period of realism. This period is viewed as the time of Africa's economic deterioration in the international scene. Most African nations find themselves now battling debt from multilateral and bilateral agencies instead of military coups. .

The period of the renaissance, meaning the rebirth of African nations mainly focus on the realities of our times and projections of the state of development in Africa. The author views Africa from an objective perspective that is not blurred by western ideology of development, rather his analysis is conducted from a perspective that sees the dialectics of new nations that came to be from an imperialist situation. A hasten expectation of full democracy and development will further deteriorate the state of African nations, therefore programs by the world bank and the IMF tend to fail in the case of Africa. .

Mainly, Africa's current political and economic situation is foundational in the period of 1939-1970. A wide array of criticism based on the idea of a corrupted Africa was formulated at this particular stage of Africa's development.

Renewable and Non Renewable Resources

Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.

Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the "Marrakesh Accords." Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
The Kyoto mechanisms

Under the Protocol, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. However, the Protocol also offers them an additional means to meet their targets by way of three market-based mechanisms.

The Kyoto mechanisms are:

International Emissions Trading

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Joint implementation (JI)

The mechanisms help to stimulate green investment and help Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.

Monitoring emission targets

Under the Protocol, countries' actual emissions have to be monitored and precise records have to be kept of the trades carried out.

Registry systems track and record transactions by Parties under the mechanisms. The UN Climate Change Secretariat, based in Bonn, Germany, keeps an international transaction log to verify that transactions are consistent with the rules of the Protocol.

Reporting is done by Parties by submitting annual emission inventories and national reports under the Protocol at regular intervals.

A compliance system ensures that Parties are meeting their commitments and helps them to meet their commitments if they have problems doing so.

Adaptation
The Kyoto Protocol, like the Convention, is also designed to assist countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. It facilitates the development and deployment of technologies that can help increase resilience to the impacts of climate change.

The Adaptation Fund was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. In the first commitment period, the Fund was financed mainly with a share of proceeds from CDM project activities. In Doha, in 2012, it was decided that for the second commitment period, international emissions trading and joint implementation would also provide the Adaptation Fund with a 2 percent share of proceeds.

The road ahead

The Kyoto Protocol is seen as an important first step towards a truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize GHG emissions, and can provide the architecture for the future international agreement on climate change.

In Durban, the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) was established to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all Parties. The ADP is to complete its work as early as possible, but no later than 2015, in order to adopt this protocol, legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force at the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties and for it to come into effect and be implemented from 2020.

African Biodiversity

ABN accompanies Africans in voicing their views on issues such as food and seed sovereignty, genetic engineering, agrofuels, biodiversity protection, extractive industries and the rights of small-holder farmers.We focus on indigenous knowledge, ecological agriculture and biodiversity related rights, policy and legislation. We pioneer culturally-centred approaches to social and ecological problems in Africa through sharing experiences, co-developing methodologies and creating a united African voice on the continent on these issues.

African Biodiversity Network (ABN) has been selected as a winner of a Lush Spring Prize Award in the Influence category of the 2018 Spring Prize. This award is given to organisations that are campaigning or lobbying to influence policy, regulation or public opinion in support of regeneration. This prize is aimed at supporting those who are changing the context in which we are all working; who are helping to build and strengthen the regenerative movement.
The award ceremony was held in at Emerson College near London, UK, on 16th May 2018. Simon Mitambo, attended the award ceremony on behalf of ABN to receive the award.

Ilegal trade

When people think of tropical rainforests; wet, lush, green, exotic and preserved lands come to mind. Unfortunately, the rainforests throughout the world aren't as preserved as we wish they were, once before. We often associate an environmental issue with one particular subject. For tropical rainforests, there's a series of different environmental issues going on, all at once, every day. Climate change (global warming, fossil fuels, greenhouse gas), conservation (ecosystems – biodiversity, habitat destruction, illegal dumping; fishing; forests – clear-cutting, deforestation, illegal logging; natural resources – exploitation of natural resources; species – endangered species, poaching, species extinction, wildlife trade), ozone depletion (CFC), and pollution are some tropical rainforest environmental issues, to name a few. While we boast about what we have done to help the global environment, it's a mere fraction versus the actual damage that we've done and what we continue doing. .

Illegal trade in environmentally sensitive goods, such as threatened wildlife, timber, hazardous waste, and ozone-depleting substances, has been a long-standing issue in the international trade and environment agenda. The nature of such illegal trade makes it difficult to fully understand its extent and impact on the environment. Developing effective policies to reduce illegal trade requires a clear understanding of what drives this trade and the circumstances under which it thrives. In this report, evidence-based on customs data and information from licensing schemes is used to document the scale of illegal trade, as well as the economic and environmental impacts of such trade. National and international policies have an important role to play in regulating and reducing illegal trade and the report highlights a range of measures that can be taken at both levels.

'Value Change'

Value change is an adjustment made to a stock's price to reflect the number of outstanding stock shares issued and currently held by investors. A value change allows the group of stocks to be equally weighted and, therefore, more easily evaluated. Since the number of shares held by investors changes daily, this number can be updated daily to reflect the changes.

BREAKING DOWN 'Value Change'

A value change adjustment is intended to equally weigh the stocks that are included in a group. Value change can be used in a variety of settings and describes a type of calculation used to compare and evaluate investment instruments by taking the number of shares held by investors into consideration.

Diagrams

Diagrams and charts are visual representations of information. They are useful for documenting facts, drawing plans, and capturing ideas and enhance communication, learning, and productivity.

Numerical Methods

Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term is sometimes taken to mean the computation of integrals.

Many differential equations cannot be solved using symbolic computation ("analysis"). For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution.

Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, for instance in physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.

Numerical Integration

In numerical analysis, numerical integration constitutes a broad family of algorithms for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral, and by extension, the term is also sometimes used to describe the numerical solution of differential equations. This article focuses on calculation of definite integrals. The term numerical quadrature (often abbreviated to quadrature) is more or less a synonym for numerical integration, especially as applied to one-dimensional integrals. Some authors refer to numerical integration over more than one dimension as cubature;[1] others take quadrature to include higher-dimensional integration.

                                                     

                                                       

Numerics Solutions

We consider a size-structured model for cell division and address the question of determining the division (birth) rate from the measured stable size distribution of the population. We formulate such a question as an inverse problem for an integro-differential equation posed on the half line. We develop firstly a regular dependence theory for the solution in terms of the coefficients and, secondly, a novel regularization technique for tackling this inverse problem which takes into account the specific nature of the equation. Our results also rely on generalized relative entropy estimates and related Poincaré inequalities

 

biological evolution, and cultural change

We propose a conceptual model that maps the causal pathways relating biological evolution to cultural change. It builds on conventional evolutionary theory by placing emphasis on the capacity of organisms to modify sources of natural selection in their environment (niche construction) and by broadening the evolutionary dynamic to incorporate ontogenetic and cultural processes. In this model, phenotypes have a much more active role in evolution than generally conceived. This sheds light on hominid evolution, on the evolution of culture, and on altruism and cooperation. Culture amplifies the capacity of human beings to modify sources of natural selection in their environments to the point where that capacity raises some new questions about the processes of human adaptation.

        

Emotional inteligence

Emotional competencies are thought to be important for social interaction because emotions serve communi- cative and social functions, conveying information about people’s thoughts and intentions and coordinating social encounters (e.g., Keltner & Haidt, 2001). Positive emotionality is associated with sociability (e.g., Argyle & Lu, 1990), whereas persistent negative affect keeps oth- ers at bay (e.g., Furr & Funder, 1998). Accordingly, peo- ple need to process emotional information and manage emotional dynamics intelligently to navigate the social world .

What is social and emotional intelligence?

• Social and emotional intelligence is the ability for students to do the following:
• Identify, manage, and express emotions constructively.
• Control impulses.
• Express empathy.
• Persevere when things get difficult and challenging.
• Communicate and related effectively with others.
• Work collaboratively in groups.
• Negotiate and resolve differences in a win/win manner.

Emotion plays a major role in every intellectual process and is a driving force in how children’s brains organize themselves. Students who are fearful or anxious have difficulty learning, whereas those who feel safe and secure learn more quickly.

Research shows that students who receive instruction in social and emotional intelligence are better behaved, more positive, and less anxious than other students. Such instruction also helps students improve test performance. It sets them on a path for success in school, jobs, relationships, and adult life. In fact, employers now seek candidates with high social and emotional intelligence.

Non-Profit Brand FORCE Value+1

Corporations spend considerable time and money to assess their brand value.

Brand value can give insight into overall profit potential, customer loyalty and whether or not investors would be willing to invest capital in the corporation.

Within the nonprofit sector, leaders often don’t give much thought to their brand value and most don’t think it applies at all.

However, understanding brand value can help nonprofits determine how much to invest in their marketing efforts, how and when to use their brand and can help leaders begin to understand the relationship between branding and donor investments.

And brand value is often a consideration when corporations are choosing cause-marketing partnerships.

A nonprofit’s brand – its reputation for delivering on its promise –

should be clear and consistent, relevant to the nonprofit’s mission and it should emotionally connect the organization’s target audiences.

A strong brand can lend itself to donor loyalty, increased donor investment and help distinguish one nonprofit from another.

When assessing a nonprofit’s brand, consider the following:

Brand relevancy. This becomes particularly true with older organizations. Is the nonprofit still relevant to the target audience? Are the nonprofit’s services still what the community needs and are they accessible? Do the brand elements clearly connect with the purpose of the organization, or do they imply something the organization is not?

Upon hearing the organization’s name and its key messages, is it clear to the audience or is it confusing? These are all important factors for consideration.

Brand consistency. With so many organizations competing for the same resources, it’s important to develop a clear, consistent brand that is relevant to the mission and the audience you are trying to reach.

The organization’s brand will help it stand-out from the crowd and highlight the main focus of the organization. The name of the organization, logo, color scheme and key messages all should be used consistently. The more consistent you are, the more your brand is reinforced in the mind of your audiences.

Accountability. Does the nonprofit deliver on its promise, every time? Accountability is key both to delivering on the promise of the organization and transparency in financial accountability.

No matter the cause the organization supports or the service it provides, donors want to know that the nonprofit and its leaders can be trusted and have solid management practices so that their money is put to good use.

Emotional connection. Building an emotional connection between the work your organization does and the overall impact it has makes it easier for a broad audience to engage the organization and donate their time and their money.

People want to know they are making a difference. Connecting with your audience’s emotions, making what you do relevant to them and making sure you highlight the reason for your impact, strengthens your brand and increases the potential for investment.

The stronger a nonprofit’s brand, the more known it becomes and the more donors become willing to invest and stay loyal to the organization.

 

LES`SENCE sustainable products Value + 2

Our working definition for good food is that it should be produced, processed, distributed and disposed of in ways that:

• Contribute to thriving local economies and sustainable livelihoods - both in Africa and, in the case of imported products, in producer countries;
• Protect the diversity of both plants and animals and the welfare of farmed and wild species,
• Avoid damaging or wasting natural resources or contributing to climate change;
• Provide social benefits, such as good quality food, safe and healthy products, and educational opportunities.
• 
  

Ghetto Beats Educational foundation Value +3

What is a 'Marginal Benefit'

A marginal benefit is an additional satisfaction or utility that a person receives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. A person's marginal benefit is the maximum amount he is willing to pay to consume that additional unit of a good or service. In a normal situation, the marginal benefit decreases as consumption increases.

BREAKING DOWN 'Marginal Benefit'

Also referred to as marginal utility, a marginal benefit applies to any additional unit purchased for consumption after the first unit has been acquired. The utility is a term used to describe the level of satisfaction a consumer has assigned to the unit being consumed. Often expressed by the number of dollars a consumer is willing to spend for a unit, utility assumes a consumer finds a minimum amount of intrinsic value equal to the dollar amount paid for the item. For example, if a person purchases a burger for $10, it is assumed the consumer is obtaining at least $10 worth of perceived value from the item.

Companies can use the research they conduct into marginal benefits for the best possible price point for any deal.

Supply leading

The financial sector provides services that have been identified as germane for the growth of an economy. The principal function of the financial sector is the movement of financial resources between different units in an economy through the process of financial intermediation. An economy suffers if the financial sector is not efficient. An efficient financial sector can only exist when development occurs in the financial sector. However, the supply-leading hypothesis assumes that financial development is the driver of economic growth. Thus this study inquires into whether the supply-leading hypothesis can be upheld in a developing economy, with particular reference to the Nigerian economic growth between 1981 and 2013.

Using the Granger Pairwise causality test, it reveals that there is weak evidence in support of supply-leading hypothesis; rather, the demand-following hypothesis is dominant in the economy. However, the study suggests that there is bi-directional causality between financial development variables and indices of economic growth which thus confirms the existence of their interdependence in Nigeria context.