ESSAY. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Letter to Letter message electoral. The Reform program.
ESSAY. Coailiton party for the economical and social liberty of Africans around the World.
Freedom Freedom to me is the cornerstone of our society, some people take freedom lightly, and some people value freedom greatly. ... Physical freedom is finite, that is, there is a maximum amount of physical freedom you can have. ... True freedom is freedom from past and present, good and bad, thoughts and actions. ... Our freedom is limited by the corresponding freedoms of others. ... In conclusion, Physical freedom gives us the freedom to live where you wish, freedom of travel, and the ability to make a living where you choose
AFRICA COLONIZATION
Abstract
Analyze the impact of European colonization on the continent of Africa.
Historically, attempts at economic development have resulted in varying degrees of success and failure, nowhere is this more evident that in Africa. In the early part of the twentieth century Africa was " partitioned, conquered, and occupied effectively by industrialized European colonizers" (Mokhtar 2002 267). Although the European colonizers are long gone and the days of apartheid are behind, Africa one of the richest nations in the world is now under-developed, and has been left to deal with the effects of racism, the destruction of it's economic, cultural, and social structure which has made it almost impossible for Africans to enjoy true independence.
One of the first European nations to colonize Africa was France; much is to be said about "the French who ruled over the largest area of territory in Africa" (Nkrumah 2002 275). French policy can perhaps best be examined in the colonization of Algeria, the French actually "tried to make the country an integral part of France" (Nkrumah 2002 275). The French alone are responsible for the cultural disenfranchisement of many Africans. Through a system of direct -rule, French colonizers introduced assimilation, a practice that sought out to create an elite class of Africans. These select Africans had to abandoned all their culture and heritage, and accept Euro centric thoughts and ideals to become a part of the French's elite class.
The Portuguese on the other hand " altogether tried to change the cultural structure of Africa" by creating a class structure based upon skin color. (Tomlinson Lecture 2-16-04) Africans were granted access to education and other privileges based upon the darkness, or lightness of their skin. These systems created hostilities between fellow Africans, and separated Africans from one another creating territorial boundaries, and later increasing ethnic conflicts between Africans.
DECLARATION OF DEVELOPMENT
Abstract
'Development is the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced.'. In the case of a country, it means to have a highly developed economy and be technologically advanced. The criteria to assess a country's development is by looking at its gross domestic product, , gross national product, the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. For example, countries having a high GDP, per capita income, level of industrialization, life expectancy, education system are considered to be developed. These include Norway, United Kingdom, Australia, United States of America, France, Germany etc.
Although, in contrast to the above mentioned, the number of developing and underdeveloped countries is high in the world. According to surveys carried out there are 46 developed countries, 42 least developed countries and the rest of which are progressing towards development. The least developed countries (LDC) suffer from harsh problems such as extreme poverty and hunger. Then comes the lack of infrastructure, widespread conflicts and social and political instability. Such issues hinder the development of the country and it goes spiraling down into debt cycles, negative balance of payments, corruption, unrest and total chaos. Many factors count when the way of development is paved such as political, social, economic etc. All these are discussed collectively below in the theory explained below with several case studies listed as examples.
World System Theory.
This theory was put forward by Immanual Wallerstein in his book The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. He develops a theoretical framework to show that while some countries benefit from the world economic system, the others are taken advantage of. As a basis for comparison, Wallerstein proposes three different categories core, periphery and semi-periphery.
The Core. In his book, Wallerstein points out that Europe moved towards the establishment of world economy based on capitalism to ensure continual economic growth. This was beneficiary for the core countries and, as it turns out, only for them. The core countries dominate and exploit the peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. Also the core countries reap most of the benefits and the peripheral countries are left with a minor portion of the profits so much so that they might be left in the dust. The core countries, to some extent, completely milk out the sources of the periphery countries. The fact that the periphery countries are desperate for profit, even if it is just a minor part, and are in no position to be making demands also helps in the core countries taking advantage of them. Even political agendas are specifically designed that things remain as they are so that only a select few are benefited. These dominant capitalist countries have a well-developed tertiary and quaternary industry with a high end production and advances in infrastructure. They have technology that surpasses the rest of the countries and actually have the capital to invest in technological research. .
For example, England was able to follow a path of development because of the emergence of overseas colonies which it recklessly exploited and reserved a major portion of their economic surplus. Also, they invested in the education of their country which led to scientific discoveries and resulted in the industrial revolution as they used their natural resources (e.g. coal reserves). Another factor was that they took cheap goods from the colonies they ruled and sold it for a high price, thus again keeping the profits for themselves. In the long run, their capital reserves increased from these accumulations which helped England become the developed country it is today.
ESSAY POINTS OF VIEW
1. Develop a long-term comprehensive strategy to significantly improve the economic status and wealth of Africans at all levels. These must include individual and community wealth building strategies, and strategies that promote entrepreneurship and business development within the African American Community.
2. Develop strategies and programs, which promote individual wealth building and financial independence. Proved technical assistance to educate Africans on the importance of individual wealth building based on sound personal financial planning and management.
3. Convene a forum of black Church leaders to consider the potential for a coalition of Black churches on economic development.
4. Convene a forum of Africans professionals to consider the potential for collaborations, coalitions and other initiatives to promote individual and community wealth building and economic development.
5. Convene a forum of African American businesses and business leaders to consider the potential for partnerships, investment venture and other initiatives to promote economic and business development.
6. Develop and encourage strategies, which increase awareness among Africans of the range of business development services provided by several organizations within the community. Encourage collaborative efforts that promote ' one-stop-shopping' for business development services so as to increase accessibility and user-friendliness to African Commuinities.
7. Monitor implementation of the newly updated regional economic development strategy published in the Visioning Task Force Final Report (2006) for its impact on providing opportunities for Africans.
8. Monitor implementation of the Workforce Development strategy in terms of its impact on and opportunities for Africans, together with its responsiveness to the needs and aspirations of Africans.
9. Develop strategies to position Africans at all levels - commercial and industrial businesses, professional service, entrepreneurs, and as individual workers to be competitive in, contribute to, and reap the benefits of growth with the local economy, and the projected growth industries such as biomedical, logistics and distribution. Urban Planning & Development.
Significantly improve reinvestment in the physical fabric and social facilities within African American neighborhoods.
INDEPENDENCE
In Civil and Political rights citizens have the rights for fundamental freedom, the freedom of expression and speech, basic health care, access to clean flowing water, sanitation etc. The use of periodic and fair elections by the use of secret ballots to vote for the ruling party to government them. For the democratic principles to realized all the rights and freedom of the citizens but have some form of guarantee.
Democracy relies on both Civil and Political implications of the Human rights agenda...
In the Economics and Social rights, democracy can have a direct and indirect affect on all the Citizens of a particular country. The directs impact is where by the Citizens are denied certain rights to carry out their civil and political rights that is the access to clean water, health care free and fair voting etc. The quality of a democratic life is indirectly affected by the removal of Economic and Social rights . Let's say that the economy in a particular country is bad, that is there is hardly a flow of cash in the country, the spending power has significantly been reduced or inflation has taken over etc the states now has become a breeding ground for a nationwide increase in crime rates (murders and robbery), poverty and unemployment.
When the Economy has becomes this bad the political leaders can take advantage of this situation and start making false promises just to get the electoral votes and get into power. Once they are voted into power they forget about these said promises and they might even use these political powers to their own advantages and not for the benefit of the people and the economy. We have to eventually recognize that just like civil and political rights, social and economic rights goes together and they help to build a stronger democracy.
Lastly is Cultural right and Democracy there are two types of cultural rights, the first being education and that every citizen has the right to some kind of formal learning in an institution. Learn should be free up to high school, every citizen deserves this much at least. The second cultural rights evolves the minorities in the country. The minorities of a country comes from different cultural and politically different background. With this cultural difference in the population it poses a problem for democracy in that the population is no longer a homogenous one ( the same or is use to the same kind of governmental ways) but rather a mix and diverse society.
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